d. discrimination, Who would MOST likely believe that strengthening the Black family is the solution to racial inequality? 15. For instance, in one version of the IAT, participants are shown pictures of men and women and also shown words related to gender stereotypes (e.g., strong, leader, or powerful for men and nurturing, emotional, or weak for women). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. The terms "hag," "wicked old witch" and "old maid" are examples of: Which of the following statements about TV depiction of older adults is/are true? In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. Alec was excited that he made it to the finals in swimming. The spending pattern of most elderly retirees shows an average decline in outflow during the latter part of retirement O Analysis of Social Security shows that c. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male sexuality. II. Principles of Social Psychology by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles. d. a and b, Which of the following statements regarding the portrayal of women of color on television is/are relationships and domestic topics. It turns out that John does not think there should be a womens studies program at the college, and he tells Sarah so. c. social role theory. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male appearance. Because the threat is in the air, Black students may be negatively influenced by it. Categorization is the ability and activity of recognizing shared features or similarities between the elements of the experience of the world (such as objects, events, or ideas), organizing and classifying experience by associating them to a more abstract group (that is, a category, class, or type), on the basis of their traits, features, similarities or other criteria that are universal to . In R. V. Kail (Ed. Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. c. the social categorization perspective. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. Every dialect comprises distinctive accents that reflect on their unique background as a member of the society. Which of the following statements best describes the break-even point? European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(3), 335354. New York, NY: Guilford Press. That is, they argued that the negative impact of race on standardized tests may be caused, at least in part, by the performance situation itself. He has shared this information with his In this procedure, the experimenter first convinces the participants that he or he has access to their true beliefs, for instance, by getting access to a questionnaire that they completed at a prior experimental session. 18 All surveys are administered before instructions for the investment game to minimize strategic responses by subjects. Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson (1995) tested the hypothesis that these differences might be due to the activation of negative stereotypes. B. Social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest because two groups focused on fulfilling their own best interest without acknowledging the actions of the other group involved often leads to neither group benefiting. c. assimilation. Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). Specifically, he found that although lines C and D (which are actually the same length) were perceived as equal in length when the lines were not categorized, line C was perceived as being significantly longer than line D in the condition in which the lines were categorized. c. discrimination. b. Americans Which of the following statements is true? (c) Prepare the stockholders equity section of the balance sheet at December 31. x+13=2(x23)6xx+\frac{1}{3}=2\left(x-\frac{2}{3}\right)-6 x Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 735754. And when we are distracted or under time pressure, these tendencies become even more powerful (Stangor & Duan, 1991). Why do you (or dont you) categorize? b. backlash effect doi: 10.1177/0146167201278007. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 207218. D. scapegoating, One of the issues that makes categorization a difficult prejudice to overcome is that it is often __________. True d. displacement. The stereotypes are pictures in our heads of the social groups (Lippman, 1922). (1999). In recent years gay and lesbian characters increasingly have been featured in mainstream TV, Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Generics express generalizations, but unlike quantified statements, generics do not carry information about how many members of the kind or category have the property. b. experiencing discrimination in employment Parental and peer influences on childrens racial attitudes. b. c. hostile; modern b. Authoritarianism is a characteristic of personality and reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. a. immigrants. diffusion of ability, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. b. discriminating. Madon, S., Guyll, M., Aboufadel, K., Montiel, E., Smith, A., Palumbo, P., & Jussim, L. (2001). c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. 5 In short, stereotypes and prejudice are powerful largely because they are important social norms that are part of our culture (Guimond, 2000). On the other hand, sometimes these beliefs are negative, and they create negative self-fulfilling prophecies such that we perform more poorly just because of our knowledge about the stereotypes. c. scapegoating And stereotypes become difficult to change because they are so important to usthey become an integral and important part of our everyday lives in our culture. Ambivalent sexism refers to the combination of: b. three-fourths of the girls received disparaging remarks about their athletic or sports 2 You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. 12.1 Social Categorization and Stereotyping Learning Objectives Describe the fundamental process of social categorization and its influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. b. higher rates of known health risks A. A Feelings of hostility or anger directed against objects that are not the real origin of those anxieties is called a. transference. The belief that male behaviors, roles, and experiences are the standards for society is known as The point at which operating income is equal to $0. Stone, J. What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? How can cognitive dissonance help to reduce unconsciously prejudiced or discriminatory behavior? Schaller, M., & Conway, G. (1999). c. Mrs. Jane Collins-Sullivan \boldsymbol{x}_{\boldsymbol{i}} & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ a. I codes "social" when the thrust of the datum dealt with relationships. a. racism c. Asian Americans b. Categorization is frequently based on easily identifiable attributes. Confidentiality c. Integrity. Benefits include medical care costs and disability income. a. Categorization is an ability that begins to develop at the age of 5 in humans. 2 A girl marries the boy next door. Ethnic and national stereotypes: The Princeton trilogy revisited and revised. ______ refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry (perceived or real) and cultural differences which become effective or active in certain contexts. The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. You can see that an interaction that began at individual level, as two individuals conversing, has now turned to the group level, in which John has begun to consider himself as a man, and Sarah has begun to consider herself as a woman. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(10), 807820. Teacher expectations and self-fulfilling prophecies. In the climate of great uncertainty characterizing the COVID-19 pandemic, health communication played a significant role: several communicative strategies and channels were used to inform, educate and alert. One day, the power goes out. is/are true? Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). c. ethnicity. c. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 10661079. d. a and b, Older women who appear on TV are often depicted: d. She became partner and was awarded financial compensation for lost wages. Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., & Turner, J. C. (1996). Greenberg, J., Martens, A., Jonas, E., Eisenstadt, D., Pyszczynski, T., & Solomon, S. (2003). Yzerbyt, V., Schadron, G., Leyens, J., & Rocher, S. (1994). text, which of the following titles would be most helpful to her? Although either individual could afford to purchase a generator individually, they agree to split the cost of a generator because they love fish more than they dislike each other. Related Documents. Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate? Social Cognition, 21(3), 167193. a. Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. d. Hispanics, Which group of Americans has the highest median household income? c. wicked Whites have earned the privilege. The presence of these outsiders might change the direction of social categorization entirely, leading both John and Sarah to think of themselves as students at their own college. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 656674. a. whites The bogus pipeline procedure suggests that people may frequently mask their negative beliefs in publicpeople express more prejudice when they are in the bogus pipeline than they do when they are asked the same questions more directly. Parents tend to see their newborns as unique and do not apply gender stereotypes to them. Gonzales, P. M., Blanton, H., & Williams, K. J. b. emigration. a. And self-fulfilling prophecies are ubiquitouseven teachers expectations about their students academic abilities can influence the students school performance (Jussim, Robustelli, & Cain, 2009). 15 pages. Estimate with 90% confidence the number of American adults who were working full time. women. d. honesty is one trait more strongly associated with working-class than middle-class women. And John and Sarah may even change their opinions about each other, forgetting that they really like each other as individuals, because they are now responding more as group members with opposing views. Although thinking about others in terms of their social category memberships has some potential benefits for the person who does the categorizing, categorizing others, rather than treating them as unique individuals with their own unique characteristics, has a wide variety of negative, and often very unfair, outcomes for those who are categorized. b. eugenics. d. as successful and assertive. b. She lost her case and left Price Waterhouse. Tetlock, P. E., & Mitchell, G. (2008). Our friends also tend to hold beliefs similar to ours, and we talk about these beliefs when we get together with them (Schaller & Conway, 1999). females as caregivers and males as workers." d. 94; 62, Cross-cultural research on ambivalent sexism showed that: But when the images are arranged such that the women and the strong categories are on the same side, whereas the men and the weak categories are on the other side, most participants make more errors and respond more slowly. a. in the post-World War II period up to the early 1960s We experience more negative affect (particularly anxiety) when we are with members of other groups than we do when we are with people from our own groups, and we need to use more cognitive resources to control our behavior because of our anxiety about revealing our stereotypes or prejudices (Butz & Plant, 2006; Richeson & Shelton, 2003). Men find it easier to excel in leadership positions, whereas women have to work hard to overcome the false beliefs about their lack of leadership abilities (Phelan & Rudman, 2010). c. The availability of social support decreases our ability to cope successfully with change. Social categorization occurs spontaneously, without much thought on our part (Crisp & Hewstone, 2007). (C) Policy dividends are an intentional return of a portion of the premiums paid. White women In some cases, these beliefs may be positive, and they have the effect of making us feel more confident and thus better able to perform tasks. c. often respond with silence, though they experience the interaction as an insult. Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and womens impression management dilemma. blender scale object to specific size; randolph county sheriff's report; . And there is often good agreement about the stereotypes of social categories among the individuals within a given culture. Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? a. show less gender bias Between 1915 and 1923, more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government. And this social categorization might lead them to become more aware of the positive characteristics of their college (the excellent basketball team, lovely campus, and intelligent students) in comparison with the characteristics of the other school. This multiplicity of causes is unfortunate because it makes stereotypes and prejudices even more likely to form and harder to change. 3 We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. d. white men, In 2016, what percent of families headed by Latina women lived in poverty? Prejudice: Its social psychology. San Diego, CA: Elsevier. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? b. prejudice Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries? Her case was appealed to the Supreme Court. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954the year of the ______ decision. Of course, you may think that you personally do not behave in these ways, and you may not. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(7), 778793. c. suggestive clothing b. The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women. b. c. projection. Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. c. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders c. Sports announcers highlight female athletes' femininity and minimize their athletic ability. d. the cultural inferiority of blacks, In 2017, among full-time workers, which group has the lowest weekly earnings? Based on your knowledge of social psychology, which phenomenon may have contributed to the errant putt? c. Cubans Stangor, C. (1995). d. all of the above. d. people who are not prejudiced can discriminate. See the answer. a. 2 You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. $23,550 provided by operating activities, c.$15,550 provided by operating activities, d. $42,400 provided by operating activities, e.$20,850 provided by operating activities. c. from 1986 to 2008 doi: 10.1111/j.17519004.2010.00306.x. B., & Jetten, J. Once we do so, we begin to respond to those people more as members of a social group than as individuals. Revan was excited about working with a group of friends on the next science project. Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. a. stress Use the purchases journal from the previous exercise. d. African Americans, Which of the following Hispanic groups is the largest? Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on assimilation is a survey? A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Reggie and his family are well off financially. 34, pp. d. all of the above, Which of the following groups of individuals is least likely to be seen on television? We actively categorize not only objects, but also ideas and events. d. ambivalent sexism. d. Neighborhood segregation remains especially high in metropolitan areas. 3 One confederate gave a correct response. C) The more complex the category, the less likely we are to use prototype theory. d. b and c, A recent study of 600 teenage girls of varied socioeconomic and ethnic background reported: Denying Francisco a raise is an example of b. Melting pot Even Black people themselves respond more quickly to positive words that are associated with White rather than Black faces on the IAT, suggesting that they have subtle racial prejudice toward Blacks. b) the influences of the social world in which we exist. C. categorization 5. Women who participate in traditional feminine sports such as tennis or gymnastics get more doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.09.014. Login; Register; c. Although feminists might find it objectionable, the use of male pronouns to refer to females Stereotype lift. For one, we learn our stereotypes in part through our communications with parents and peers (Aboud & Doyle, 1996) and from the behaviors we see portrayed in the media (Brown, 1995). b. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 166171. In support of this hypothesis, Steele and Aronsons research revealed that Black college students performed worse (in comparison with their prior test scores) on math questions taken from the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) when the test was described to them as being diagnostic of their mathematical ability (and thus when the stereotype was relevant) but that their performance was not influenced when the same questions were framed as an exercise in problem solving. And in another study, Steele and Aronson found that when Black students were asked to indicate their race before they took a math test (again activating the stereotype), they performed more poorly than they had on prior exams, whereas the scores of White students were not affected by first indicating their race. Our stereotypes influence not only our judgments of others but also our beliefs about ourselves, and even our own performance on important tasks. The term psychologists use for how physically close two people are to each other is ________. Race and ethnicity are both forms of social categorization. He continues to hold this belief even though he learned in school that native-born Americans are more likely to commit crime than immigrants. a. Figure 12.6 Current Stereotypes Held by College Students. c. benevolent sexism. Stereotypes and prejudice may create discrimination. Marissa is interviewing a woman who has come in for help with her bills and job-readiness training. Phelan, J. E., & Rudman, L. A. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). As you can see in Table 12.1 Name Confusions, the mistakes were such that the statements that had actually been made by a man were more frequently wrongly attributed to another man in the group than to another woman, and the statements actually made by a woman were more frequently attributed to other women in the group than to a man. 1 We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. d. 75 percent, Blacks account for roughly ______ of the U.S. population and ______ of chief executives. morris minor cars for sale in arkansas; treasure inside jokes 0 Home. a. stress the importance of improving one's physical attractiveness through diet, exercise and d. "The bachelor and spinster decided to share an apartment. Which of these four statements about self-report measures of attitude are correct? 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